United States History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States History - Assignment Example For fear of persecution, they first fled towards Holland but later travelled towards a remote area. Finally they settled into a place which began to be known as the Plymouth Colony, During that time, there were many Protestants who defied the authority of the Anglican Church. These men and women fled from England and boarded the ship name Mayflower and travelled to America in the hope of settling there. They finally settled in Cape Cod, which would later come to be known as Massachusetts. There they settled and created a charter with the name of Mayflower compact. This document holds immense importance since it played a vital role in the formation of the US constitution. Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends were a religious group prevalent in England. They believed in equality, justice and pacifism and that is why they never took part in any of the England’s wars. They also refused to bow down to any nobles or pay taxes if they believed that the revenues would be used for the purpose of war. As a result of their persecution, many of the Quakers travelled to America and stayed in Pennsylvania where they played a very important role in its development. The colonial charters held a very important position in the colonial society since they were the most basic charters of law or constitution of the colonies at that time. Charters were given to different states and they defined the relationship between the parent country and the colony without any direct involvement. The whole governance, with the exception of a few things was based on these colonial charters. These charters were also responsible for great historical developments. These include the revolutionary era in which some of the terms of the charter actually increased fuel to the fire. Also during the latter part of the seventeenth century, these charters were considered as an unnecessary hindrance and were put to an end

Domestic Violence: No One Deserves to be Abused Essay -- Violence Again

What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is the use, or threatened use of physical force, violence, a deadly weapon, sexual assault, or the intentional destruction of property. It is behaviour that has the intent or impact of placing a victim in fear of physical injury, and a pattern of behaviour resulting in emotional and psychological abuse, economic control, and/or interference with personal liberty that is directed towards the following: a current or former spouse, or a person with whom the abuser shares a child in common, or a current or former intimate partner. Domestic violence is behaviour – emotional, psychological, physical, or sexual abuse – that one person in an intimate relationship uses in order to control the other. It takes many different forms and includes behaviour such as threats, name calling, isolation, withholding of money, actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. Most domestic violence is committed against women by their male partners. It also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships and is common in teenage dating relationships. Women’s Stories: My husband constantly came home after a long days work, frustrated and irritable. He’d walk in the door, eat his dinner, look up at me, and say, â€Å"Marsha, I want to have sex.† My three year old and seven year old children were always in bed and asleep at this time of night, so they could never hear my pleads for Jamie to stop. He’d never listen to me. In the end I just gave up and agreed to have sex with him. When I did not, then he would rape me. This went for 6 months before I built up the courage to leave him. My partner is over protective. He doesn’t let me visit friends or family, but instead says that I have to stay at home. Onc... ...goal. We decide how to reach our goals based on what we believe is OK or what we are willing to do. Abusing is no different. Women continually describe how their partners go from one tactic to another when they want something. Some abusers will go as far as emotional abuse, isolation, or intimidation. Some will choose to control economic resources or threaten physical harm to the victim, her children or loved ones. Some ultimately choose violence to get what they want, and the underlying threat of physical violence affects the every aspect of a relationship. Whatever the tactics if you are forced to make decisions on how your partner may hurt you physically or emotionally, your partner has behaved inappropriately; and when violence is used, they have acted criminally. Using violence and/or other controlling behaviours is not acceptable. No one deserves to be abused. Domestic Violence: No One Deserves to be Abused Essay -- Violence Again What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is the use, or threatened use of physical force, violence, a deadly weapon, sexual assault, or the intentional destruction of property. It is behaviour that has the intent or impact of placing a victim in fear of physical injury, and a pattern of behaviour resulting in emotional and psychological abuse, economic control, and/or interference with personal liberty that is directed towards the following: a current or former spouse, or a person with whom the abuser shares a child in common, or a current or former intimate partner. Domestic violence is behaviour – emotional, psychological, physical, or sexual abuse – that one person in an intimate relationship uses in order to control the other. It takes many different forms and includes behaviour such as threats, name calling, isolation, withholding of money, actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. Most domestic violence is committed against women by their male partners. It also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships and is common in teenage dating relationships. Women’s Stories: My husband constantly came home after a long days work, frustrated and irritable. He’d walk in the door, eat his dinner, look up at me, and say, â€Å"Marsha, I want to have sex.† My three year old and seven year old children were always in bed and asleep at this time of night, so they could never hear my pleads for Jamie to stop. He’d never listen to me. In the end I just gave up and agreed to have sex with him. When I did not, then he would rape me. This went for 6 months before I built up the courage to leave him. My partner is over protective. He doesn’t let me visit friends or family, but instead says that I have to stay at home. Onc... ...goal. We decide how to reach our goals based on what we believe is OK or what we are willing to do. Abusing is no different. Women continually describe how their partners go from one tactic to another when they want something. Some abusers will go as far as emotional abuse, isolation, or intimidation. Some will choose to control economic resources or threaten physical harm to the victim, her children or loved ones. Some ultimately choose violence to get what they want, and the underlying threat of physical violence affects the every aspect of a relationship. Whatever the tactics if you are forced to make decisions on how your partner may hurt you physically or emotionally, your partner has behaved inappropriately; and when violence is used, they have acted criminally. Using violence and/or other controlling behaviours is not acceptable. No one deserves to be abused.

Mukcrakers 5.02

1. Define the term â€Å"Muckraker. † Be sure to include the name of the person who created it -Muckrakers were American journalists and novelists of the 20th century who exposed corruption in government and businesses. The term was created by Theodore Roosevelt. 2. Naturalism was a literary movement of the late 19th century that was an extension of Realism. What was the main focus of the Naturalistic writer? -The main focus of the Naturalistic writer was the fringes society, the criminal, the fallen, and the down-and-out 3.American Realists believed that humanity's freedom of choice was limited by the power of outside forces. How would this view differ from the perspective of the Romantic writer (think of someone like Emerson)? -Romantic writers believed that all people were encouraged torward self-development, and that everyone is valued as individuals from birth. They also believed in expressing themselves in ways that they chose, like art, and all kinds of expression. 4. I n  your  opinion, based on what you have read, why would post Civil War, newly industrialized America be attracted to the Realistic movement? It was an age of reform. There was so sugar coating things. The south was destroyed, newly frees blacks were in poverty, and the economy was bad. Change was happening but everything wasn’t lollipops and daises. 5. What is meant by the term â€Å"local color†? -Local color is also called regional literature. It is fictional literature about a certain region, which means the characters; the way they talk and live would all be they way things are in that specific region.

What Is the Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, states that emotions are a product of both physiological and cognitive processes. Key Takeaways: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion According to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are the result of both physiological and cognitive processes.In a famous 1962 study, Schachter and Singer investigated whether people would respond differently to a shot of adrenaline depending on the context they found themselves in.While later research hasn’t always supported Schachter and Singer’s findings, their theory has been incredibly influential and has inspired many other researchers. Overview According to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are a result of two factors: Physical processes in the body (such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for example), which researchers refer to as â€Å"physiological arousal.† These changes can include things like having your heart start beating faster, sweating, or trembling.A cognitive process, in which people try to interpret this physiological response by looking at their surrounding environment to see what could be causing them to feel this way. For example, if you notice your heart beating faster, you might look around your environment to see what is causing it. If you’re at a party with friends, you’d be more likely to interpret this feeling as happiness—but if you were just insulted by someone, you’d be more likely to interpret this feeling as anger. Of course, many times this process occurs quickly (outside of our conscious awareness), but it can become conscious—especially if there’s not an immediately obvious situational factor to account for how we’re feeling. Historical Background Prior to the development of Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory, two of the main theories of emotion were the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory. The James-Lange theory states that emotions are the result of physiological responses in the body, while the Cannon-Bard theory states that physiological responses and emotional responses occur at the same time. Both the Schachter-Singer and James-Lange theories suggest that bodily responses are an integral part of our experience of an emotion. However, unlike the James-Lange theory, and like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer theory states that different emotions can share similar patterns of physiological responses. According to Schachter and Singer, we look to our environment to try to figure out what is causing these physiological responses—and different emotions can result depending on the context. Schachter and Singer’s Study In a famous 1962 study, Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer tested whether the same type of physiological activation (receiving a shot of adrenaline) could have different effects on people depending on the situational context. In the study, participants (all of whom were male college students) were given either a shot of epinephrine (which they were told was merely a vitamin injection) or a placebo injection. Some of the participants who received the epinephrine shot were informed of its effects (e.g. shaking, pounding heart, feeling flushed), others were told they would have no side effects, and others were told incorrect information about its effects (e.g. that it would make them feel itchy or cause a headache). For participants who knew what to expect from the epinephrine, they had a straightforward explanation for any effects they felt from the drug. However, Schachter and Singer believed that participants who were uninformed of epinephrine’s effects (or who were told incorrect information) would look for something in their environment to explain why they were suddenly feeling different. After receiving the injection, participants were put into one of two environments. In one version of the study (designed to induce feelings of euphoria), the participants interacted with a confederate (someone who appears to be a real participant, but is actually part of the research staff) who acted in a happy, joyful way. The confederate flew a paper airplane, crumpled up balls of paper to play a mock â€Å"basketball† game, made a slingshot out of rubber bands, and played with a hula hoop. In the other version of the study (designed to induce feelings of anger), the participant and confederate were asked to fill out questionnaires, which contained increasingly personal questions. The confederate became more and more irritated by the invasiveness of the questions, and eventually tore up the questionnaire and stormed out. Schachter and Singer’s Results The Schachter-Singer theory would predict that participants would feel happier (or angrier) if they did not know to expect the effects of the drug. Since they had no other explanation for the symptoms they felt, they would assume that it was the social environment making them feel this way. In the version of the study where participants were made to feel euphoric, Schachter and Singer’s hypothesis was supported: participants who were not told about the actual effects of the drug reported higher levels of euphoria (i.e. higher levels of happiness and lower levels of anger) than participants who knew what to expect from the drug. In the version of the study where participants were made to feel angry, the results were less conclusive (regardless of how the confederate acted, participants didn’t feel very angry), but the researchers found that participants who did not know to expect the drug’s side effects were more likely to match the behavior of the angry confederate (for example, by agreeing with his comments that the questionnaire was annoying and frustrating). In other words, feeling unexplained bodily sensations (e.g. a pounding heart and trembling) caused participants to look to the confederate’s behavior to figure out how they felt. Extensions of the Schachter-Singer Theory One implication of the Schachter-Singer theory is that physiological activation from one source can essentially transfer to the next thing we encounter, and this can affect our judgment of the new thing. For example, imagine that you’re running late to see a comedy show, so you end up jogging to get there. The Schachter-Singer theory would say that your sympathetic nervous system is already activated by running, so you would feel subsequent emotions (in this case, amusement) more strongly. In other words, the theory would predict that you’d find the comedy show funnier than if you had walked there. Limitations of the Schachter-Singer Theory In 1979, Gary Marshall and Philip Zimbardo published a paper attempting to replicate part of Schachter and Singer’s results. Marshall and Zimbardo ran versions of the study where participants were injected with either epinephrine or a placebo (but were not told of its true effects) and then interacted with a euphoric confederate. According to the Schachter and Singer theory, participants given epinephrine would be expected to have higher levels of positive affect, but this didn’t happen—instead, participants in the placebo group reported higher levels of positive emotions. In one review of research studies testing the Schachter-Singer theory, psychologist Rainer Reisenzein concluded that the support for the Schachter-Singer theory is limited: although there is evidence that physiological activation can affect how we experience emotions, the available research has rather mixed results and leaves some questions unanswered. However, he points out that the Schachter-Singer theory has been incredibly influential, and has inspired a wide range of research studies in the field of emotion research. Sources and Additional Reading: Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"The James-Lange Theory of Emotion.† Verywell Mind (2018, Nov 9). https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-james-lange-theory-of-emotion-2795305Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Overview of the 6 Major Theories of Emotion.† Verywell Mind (2019, May 6). https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-emotion-2795717Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Understanding the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.† Verywell Mind (2018, Nov. 1). https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-cannon-bard-theory-2794965Marshall, Gary D., and Philip G. Zimbardo. Affective Consequences of Inadequately Explained Physiological Arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 37, no. 6 (1979): 970-988. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1980-29870-001Reisenzein, Rainer. The Schachter Theory of Emotion: Two Decades Later. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 94 no.2 (1983), pp. 239-264. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-00045-001Schachter, Stanley, and Jerome Singer. â€Å"Cognitive, Social, and Physiolo gical Determinants of Emotional State.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  vol. 69 no. 5 (1962), pp. 379-399. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1963-06064-001